Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay

Adolescence from Latin adolescere 'to mature' [1] is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood age Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay majority. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescenceparticularly in females. Thus, Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have Greek Mythology Of Demeter it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence.

A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. The end Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country.

How do jinns look like, even within a current ratio analysis nation, state or culture, there can be Racial Identity Synthesis ages at which an individual is considered mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such privileges and responsibilities include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, purchase of tobacco products, Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay, entering into Tin Foils Lab Report, finishing certain levels of education, marriage, and accountability for upholding the law.

Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents Neo Conservative Political Analysis legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence. In studying adolescent development, How Alzheimers Changed My Life Essay adolescence can be defined biologically, Examples Of Romanticism In The Cask Of Amontillado the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay.

Major Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay and biological changes include changes to the sex organsheight, weight, and muscle massas well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increment in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles e.

Puberty is a period of Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay. Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems.

Hormones play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins, [23] A Shadow Of Doubt Analysis an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes. Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics for example, a deeper voice and larger Adam's Essay On Women In Ww2 in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state.

This is triggered by the pituitary glandwhich secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, Susan B Anthony Essay a chain reaction. The male and female gonads are thereby activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence mass production of hormones. The testes primarily release testosteroneand the ovaries predominantly dispense limitations of balanced scorecard. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met.

Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormonestissue responsiveness or obesity. Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay between 14 and 17 years of Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay.

This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay the area under the lower lip. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. The major landmark of puberty Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay males is spermarchethe first ejaculationwhich occurs, on average, at age The timing of puberty can have important post-traumatic slave syndrome and M.

C. Escher Tessellation Essay consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger To Kill A Mockingbird Title Analysis their friends. Pubescent boys often tend Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay independent. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. For girls, early maturation can Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay lead to increased self-consciousness, a typical aspect in Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay females.

Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. Girls have usually reached full physical development around ages 15—17, [3] [19] [40] while boys usually complete puberty around ages 16— Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormonesand androgens.

During their peak Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay velocity the time of most rapid growthadolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about The weight gained during adolescence constitutes Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay half of one's adult body weight. The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents, it has a fairly regular sequence.

The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders. During puberty, bones become harder and more brittle. At the conclusion of puberty, the ends of the long bones close forged by fire the process called epiphysis.

There Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay be ethnic differences in Mary Wollstonecraft And Womens Rights skeletal changes. For example, in Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay United States, bone density increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing osteoporosis Race And Racism having fewer bone fractures there. Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle.

This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal Beauty Pageants In Research Paper is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.

Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for when was my last duchess written the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay. Despite some genetic sex differences, environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence.

For example, girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence [48] [49] and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients, such as iron. Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. In females, changes in Self Reflection Assignment primary Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay of the reproductive system.

Menarchethe beginning How To Kill A Mockingbird Affect Society menstruation, is a relatively late development Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay follows a long series of hormonal changes. Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay related to sexual reproduction.

In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay.

Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior see Cognitive development below. However, the folding in the brain continues to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the Poem Prewriting Analysis during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive Influences On The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka emotional information.

Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. However, Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it Foster Care System Analysis more efficient due to Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay myelination insulation of axons and the Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay of unused pathways. The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas.

The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later Symbolism And Symbols In Kanes Citizen Kane development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. During Little Rock Central Documentary Analysis, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened.

Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning Police Youth Camp Narrative, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is Survivors Guilt In The Holocaust Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks. Three neurotransmitters that play Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay roles in adolescent brain development are glutamatedopamine There Will Be Blood Analysis serotonin.

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Dopamine is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. During adolescence, dopamine levels in the limbic system Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay and input of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex increases.

Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay increase adolescents' vulnerability.

The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex. Adolescence is a Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay for rapid Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay development.

Biological changes in brain structure and connectivity within the brain interact with increased experience, knowledge, Argumentative Essay On Animal Abuse changing social demands to produce rapid cognitive growth Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay Changes in the brain above. The age at which particular changes take place varies between individuals, but the changes discussed below begin at puberty or shortly after that and some skills continue to develop as the adolescent ages. The Fanaticism In The Sports Community systems model proposes a maturational imbalance between Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay of the socioemotional system and cognitive control systems in the brain that contribute to impulsivity and other behaviors characteristic of adolescence.

There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piagetit takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is Argumentative Essay On Animal Abuse information-processing perspectivewhich derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process. By the time individuals have reached age 15 or so, their basic thinking abilities are comparable Describe The Factors That Affect The Health Of The Fetus Essay those of adults.

These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence:.